The Ethereum Glamsterdam upgrade has entered the final development stage, and the mainnet is expected to go live in the second half of the year

According to CoinDesk, Ethereum developers have entered the final development phase of the Glamsterdam upgrade, running a developer network (devnets) that includes all planned EIPs, which will then be deployed to the public testnet. Parithosh Jayanthi, a core developer at the Ethereum Foundation, stated that this is the final stage before codebase hardening and testnet launch, and although there is no fixed timeline, significant progress has been made. Glamsterdam is expected to launch on the mainnet in the second half of this year and is described as "the largest upgrade since the merge," which will change many assumptions about Ethereum and lay the groundwork for larger-scale expansions in the future.

Key features include EIP-7732 (built-in proposer-builder separation), which incorporates a separation mechanism for block construction and proposal into the core protocol to reduce MEV manipulation opportunities; and EIP-7928 (block-level access lists), which allows blocks to declare in advance the accounts and contract data they will access, improving execution efficiency. Glamsterdam also includes a series of gas repricing that will significantly change the operational costs on Ethereum: high-computation operations will become cheaper, while state management costs will increase.